2011年12月大学英语四级语法精讲（7）
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定语从句引导词：关系代词
1. which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最高级时用that。
2. which 用在非限制定语从句(有逗号)，如：
He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.
3. as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。
as与which 的区别：
1) which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在句首和句尾。
As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.
2) as 搭配：same as/ such as the same watch as you have
[P1-43]It wasn't such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A) that B) which C) as D) what
[P11-67]___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A) That B) Which C) As D) It
[P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.
A) as B) what C) so D) that
[P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.
A) in which B) which C) where D) that
[P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A) after which B) for which C) with which D) at which
注：1. fight for 为……而奋斗 2. fight with 与谁打架
[P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.
A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off
注：1. gives up 放弃 2. gives in 屈服
3. gives away 走漏风声，赠送 4. gives off 释放
[P3-57] The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.
A) to be informed B) on informing C) informed D) informing
[P42-62]We need a chairman _________.
A) for whom everyone has confidence B) in whom everyone has confidence
C) who everyone has confidence of D) whom everyone has confidence on
注：have confidence in 对……有信心
[P60-46] Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A) with which B) for which C) of which D) which
注： 1. of which 其中
2. On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least(最重要的)
3. face something = be faced with
4. 依照原句型造句：
Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.
Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least
[P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.
A) that B) it C) which D) what
注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外
介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。
The key with which to open the door has been lost.
[P59-36] The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base
注： fici- 做 sufficient 足够的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的(效率)
effect 有效(结果) proficient 熟练的 bene- 好 beneficial 有益benediction 祝福
[P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.
A) there B) them C) where D) which
[P13-59] When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.
A) broke off B) broke down C) broke out D) broke up
注：1. break off 断裂(部分从整体上下来) 2. break up 打碎 3. break out 爆发
主谓一致
从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。
Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
You got 100 is a mystery to me.
从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。
1、主语从句：
(1)主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。
(2)主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,what(引导的缺主语或缺宾语的从句)[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children. A) have B) has C) having D) to have
[P13-55] In some countries, _________ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.A) which B) one C) that D) what
2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词(定语从句所修饰的名词)
3、随前一致：以前面的名词为准。
A with B 取决于A as well as including with together with accompanied by
4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v. 与B一致
5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。
n1 or n2 +v. either n1 or n2 +v.
6、A and B 结构：
(1)A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。
a lawyer and teacher law and order 法律法规
war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 基本生活必须品
butterfly 蝴蝶 To love and to be loved 爱与被爱
2)A and B 所指不同，是复数。 a lawyer and a teacher air and water
7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。
of+n.+v.(由of后的n.决定) one+persent majority minority
9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n. or two/ every n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。
10、The+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The rich are always ridiculous.
[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access
[P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whom
百分比结构取决于后面的名词。
n1. of n2. 取决于n1.(非百分比结构)
[P60-43] The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows
[P60-42] You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A)shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow
C) couldn't have been following D)shouldn't have been following
[P60-41] --"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
--"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone
[P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined
[P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include B) involve C) contain D) comprise
注：involve doing 表示要求做
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
[P54-41]She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long.
A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read
[P54-42] Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.
A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement
[P54-43]I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make D) you delay to make
[P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. A) alter B) shift C) transfer D) vary
注：1. alter 细微的改变
2. shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变
3. transfer 转学;调任工作 transform 改变 transport 运输 passport 护照
transplant 移植 transmit (疾病/广播电视节目/文化/语言的)传播 emit 释放
omit 省略
4. vary 差异 vary between/ throughout/ from A to B
[P43-41]A person's calorie requirements vary ________ his life.
A) across B) throughout C) over D) within
[P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A) for which B) to which C) of which D) in which
[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players' personal equipment and uniforms?
A) in place of B) in terms of C) by means of D) by way of
注：in terms of 根据
[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A) change B) vary C) alter D) convert
注：convert (宗教信仰的)改变
[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
[P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
注：seat sb. 给某人安排座位
[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.
A) is worn B) wears C) wearing D) are worn
注：感观动词用主动
[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.
A) transplanted B) transformed C) transported D) transmitted
[P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?
A) go B) went C) would go D) goes
coincidence (时间;空间)巧合 意见的)一致
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