(1) 开头和结尾原则

　　Next I would like to / Following this lecture / to end my lecture / to wrap up my lecture

　　to wind up my lecture / to put the finishing touch on my lecture

　　(2) 原因原则

　　原因 because/cause/for /since /thanks to/due to/attributed to/the reason…is…

　　结果 so/therefore/thus/consequently/as a result/that’s why…

　　因果 factor /contribute to /accordingly /thus /motivation /incentive

　　(3) 转折原则

　　but / however / nevertheless / nonetheless / while / in fact / still / yet

　　unluckily / unfortunately / on the other hand / to tell you the truth / to be frank

　　honest / although / though / even if / even though

　　(4) 强调原则

　　A. 语气强调——重读/停顿/口误/口吃等

　　B. 语义强调

　　绝对词 now / remember / surprise / only / must / absolutely

　　重要 important / fatal / vital / essential / basic / fundamental / interesting

　　necessary / crucial / critical / significant

　　特别 especially / special feature / you must bear in mind that / keep in mind that

　　主要 main /primary /key /major /principle /nuclear /cardinal

　　基本 basic /fundamental /rudimental /original /initial

　　其他 first / last / also / before / after / by / a new theory

　　What I mean is / What I want you to do is

　　C. 比较强调——比较级/最高级/ compared to / in comparison

　　D. 结论强调

　　in conclusion / to conclude / in a word / all in all / last but not the least / to sum up

　　E. 举例强调

　　for example/ instance / such as / like / need / include / involve

　　to demonstrate / illustrate / to give you a clearer idea / picture.

　　(5) 解释原则-下定义

　　this is to say / in other words / which means / are known / called / referred to

　　recognized / defined as