职称英语时 、体、态精讲

    在英语中，时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面结合前面学过的九大句型通过例句说明，并做时态比较，帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。

    一．何谓时、体、态

    所谓时是指动作或状态所处的时间。分为过去、现在和将来。以下以我们前面讲过的十大简单句型为主线，系统讲解。进而对此有更深的理解。例：

    1．主语+系动词+表语

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom will be a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It will be sunny tomorrow.

    2. S +V+O 主语+谓语+宾语
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom studied English years ago.
    Tom will study English.

    3. S+V 主语+谓语
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom studied hard before.
    Tom will study hard in the future.

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主语+谓语+间接宾语+ 直接宾语
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom will give me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主语+谓语（动词）+宾语+补语
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom will make me sad.

    6. S+have+O 主语 +have+ 宾语
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom will have many friends.

    7. “there + be …”句型
    There are some books on the shelf.
    There were some books on the shelf.
    There will be some books on the shelf.

    8. 比较句型

   1) A …than + B （比较级）
   Tom is taller than sally.
   Tom was taller than sally.
   Tom will be taller than sally.
   Tom works harder than sally.
   Tom worked hard than sally.
   Tom will work hader than sally.

   2) as…as… （原级比较）
   Tom is as tall as sally.
   Tom was as tall as sally.
   Tom will be as tall as sally.
   Tom works as hard as sally.
   Tom worked as hard as sally.
   Tom will work as hard as sally.

    9． “It is + adj形容词 + to do /从句”
    It is important to learn English grammar.
    It was important to learn Russin grammar.
    It will be important to learn Russin grammar.
    It is important that we learn English.
    It was important that we learnt Russin grammar.
    It will be important that we learn Russin grammar

    所谓“体”，是指动作在过去、现在和将来三个不同时间所处的状态。即：常态、进行或完成。那么就有了过去、现在和将来的常态、过去、现在和将来的进行、过去、现在和将来的完成。注意，“体”所表达的主要是对动作的描述，就“主―系―表”结构而言，因为只用来表达静态的事物，所以不存在进行和完成的问题。我们通过以上例句做进一步的说明：

    1．  主语+系动词+表语

    1）. Tom is a college student.
    Tom was a college student.
    Tom has a college student.

    2 ）It is sunny today.
    It was sunny yesterday.
    It has sunny .

    2. S +V+O 主语+谓语+宾语
    Tom studies English now.
    Tom is studying English now.
    Tom was studying English at 8:00 yesterday..
    Tom has studied English.

    3. S+V 主语+谓语
    Tom studies hard.
    Tom is studiying hard.
    Tom was studying hard before.
    Tom has studied hard

    4. S+V+Oi+Od 主语+谓语+间接宾语+ 直接宾语
    Tom gives me a book.
    Tom is giving me a book.
    Tom was giving me a book at that time.
    Tom gave me a book.
    Tom has given me a book.

    5. S+V+O+S 主语+谓语（动词）+宾语+补语
    Tom makes me sad.
    Tom made me sad.
    Tom is making me sad
    Tom has made me sad.

    6. S+have+O (主语 +have+ 宾语)
    Tom has many friends.
    Tom had many friends.
    Tom has had many friends.

    所谓“态”，是指主被动关系。即动作的执行者和接受者哪个位于动作的前面，动作的执行者位于动作的前面，就构成主动关系。也就是我们前面举的例子。若动作的接受者位于动作的前面，则构成被动态。出现这样不同的语态，是由于表达和强调的需要，或没必要指明动作的执行者。请看例句及语态的变化形式：

    一般过去时中的)被动语态
    被动语态与主动语态在使用上的区别。   
    a 。  
    读一读这两个问题并回答。
    Who built this bridge?谁修建的这座桥?
    Prisoners of war built this bridge in l942．战俘于1942年建的这座桥。
    When was this bridge built? 桥是什么时候建的?
    This bridge was built in l942．桥是1942年建的。
  
    在第一个问题中我们想知道是谁建了这座桥，在第二个问题中我们想弄清有关桥的一些情况。因此，第一句使用了主动语态，第二句运用了被动语态。    •
   我们也可以讲清是什么人修建的这座桥，用“by十动作执行者”的结构来表示，我们可以说：    ，This bridge was built by prisoners of war in 1942．这座桥是战俘于1942年修建的。
   b 。
      仔细地阅读以下几对句子，每对中的第一句话告诉我们‘个人(回答“谁”)，第二句话告诉我们一件事(回答“什么”或“哪一个”)。  
    Workmen are building a new road outside my house．(Who)工人们正在我的房子外面修一条新路。
    A new road is being built outside my house．(则，砒)我的房子外面有一条新路在建设之中。
    The newsagent delivers our papers every moming．(Who)每天上午送报人来送我们的报纸。   
    Our papers are delivered every morning．(What)我们的报纸每天上午送到。
    The postman delivered a letter this morning．(Who)今天上午邮递员送来了一封信。
A letter was delivered this morning．(what)今天上午来了一封信。 
 
    二． 时态的构成规律

    英语通过对动词形式的变化来构成不同的时态和语态。主要是使用be和have作为标识，其构成是有规律的。Be的作用是用来构成进行时和被动语态。Have 用来构成完成时。两者合起来与动词可构成完成时的被动语态完成进行时。看例句（以work, follow为例）：

    1）be：
    They are working.(现在进行)
    They were working.（过去进行）
        They will be working.（将来进行）
    They are followed. （现在的被动）
    They are being followed.（现在进行的被动）
    They were being followed.（过去进行的被动）
    They will be being followed.（将来进行的被动）

    2) have
    They have worked.（现在完成）
    They had worked.  （过去完成）
    They will have work.（将来完成）

    3) have + be:
    They have been working.（现在完成进行）
    They had been working.  （过去完成进行）
    They will have been working.（将来完成进行）
    The work has been done.   （现在完成被动）
    The work had been done.    （过去完成被动）
    The work will have been done. （将来完成被动）
    The work has been being done. (现在完成进行的被动)
    The work had been being done （过去完成进行的被动）
 
    三．时态的比较

    1．一般现在时与现在完成时

    (1)I come from Shanghai．(上海人)
    I have come from Shanghai．(从上海来)

    (2)You read very well．(强调能力)
    You've read very well．(强调一次刚完成的动作)

    (3)  I forget．(一时想不起来了)
      I have forgotten．(仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了)

   (4)  The book is written in simple English．(表状态)
      The book has been written in simple English．(表动态，已用英语写成)

   (5) Every time I see him，he's been reading．(两个动作不可能同时进行)．
      Every time l have seen him，he's been reading．(强调两个动作同时进行)

   (6) He is gone．(强调状态)He has gone．(强调动作和时间)

   (7) He won't come till the play begins．(演出开始时)
      He won't come till the play has begun．(戏已开始)

   (8)AfterI leave school，I'11 go to college．(两个动作紧密相接)
      After l have left school，I'll go to college．(强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔)

，   (9)  It is a long time since I saw you last．
    It's been a long time since Isaw you last 这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)

   (10)  Where are you?(在哪儿) Where have you been?(去了哪儿)

    2．一般现在时与现在进行时

    (1) He works hard．(强调始终如一) He is working hard．(强调现在)

    (2) What do you do?(干什么工作的) What are you doing?(在干什么)

    (3) Here comes the bus!(表高兴和欣慰) The bus is coming．(汽车到来的情景)

    (4) I forget his name．I'm forgetting his name．(差点把他的名字忘了)

    (5) You don't eat much．(强调胃口不大)
       You're not eating much．(你怎么不吃呀。)

    (6) The match starts at 7 0'clock．(比较固定，不宜改变)
       The match is starting at 7 0'clock．(可以改变)

    (7) Tom always comes late．Tom is always coming late．(表示不满，责备)

    (8) Tom goes to college now．

       Tom is going to college now．(这两句区别不大，后者更生动)

    (9) I tell you．(我可以告诉你。)
       I'm telling you．(我告诉你吧。有感情色彩)

    (10) He always sleeps in the afternoon．(强调下午睡觉)
        He is always sleeping in the afternoon．(后者意味着整个下午都睡觉了)

    (11) I expect you to phone me．(几乎等于命令)
        I'm expecting you to phone me．(婉转)

    (12) What do you say?
        What are you saying?(你说些什么呀?表说话人惊讶，不满)  

    (13) I find that the book is too difficult for me．(强调结果)
        I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me．(强调过程，逐渐感到)

    (14) Apples cost more these days．(强调事实)
        Apples are costing more these days．(越来越贵)

    (15) He always thinks of others．(强调事实)
        He's always thinking of others．(表示赞扬)

    (16) Whenever I see him，he argues with somebody．(强调两个动作有先后)
        Whenever I see him，he is arguing with somebody．(强调两个动作同时进行)

    (17) I hope you'll give us some advice．(语气直白)
        I'm hoping you'll give us some advice．(表示语气婉转)

    (18) I must go．(我应该去。)
     I must be going．(我该走了。)

    (19) We can discuss this while we eat．(说话时没用餐)
       We can discuss this while we are eating . (进餐已开始)

    3．现在完成时与过去一般时

    (1) I've seen him this morning(还在上午的时间里)
    I saw him this morning．(时间已过了上午)

    (2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
     Who opened the window? (与现在无关，窗户可能已关上)

    (3) Have you ever heard him sing?(他可能不爱唱歌)
     Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗?他可能是歌唱家)

    (4) Have you ever heard of such a thing?(你听过这种事吗?)
     Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事你听说过吗?这是一个修辞性问题，表
  表示惊异。

    (5)  What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气)
     What did I do to make you so angry? (暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生
  气了。

    (6)  How has he done? (他这活干得怎么样?强调结果)
      How did he do it?(他是怎么干这活的?强调干活的方式)

     (7) He has lived in NewYork for eight years．(他仍在纽约)
    He lived in NewYork for eight years．(他可能不在纽约了)

     (8)  He has been called a thinker．(强调事实)
    He was called a thinker．(他曾被誉为思想家。)

     (9)  You've heard what I said．(你听见我的话了。)
    You heard what I said．(你是听见我的话的。口气严厉，具有感情色彩)

     (10)  I've lost my pen．(笔还没找到)
I lost my pen．(笔可能找到了)

     (11)  He has already been there．(曾去过那里)
     He was already there．(当时在那里)

     (12)  Since I have been ill，my friend has visited me everyday. (生病还在延续)
    Since I was ill，my friend has visited me everyday．(病已好了)

     (13)  Have you slept well?(暗示因疲倦休息后是否好些了)
     Did you sleep well?(暗示睡得是否舒服，满意)

    4.过去完成时与一般过去时

    (1)  I came here after I finished middle schoo1．(两个动作有间隔)
     I came here after I had finished middle schoo1．(两个动作有间隔，强调先后概念)

    (2)  I waited till I saw him．
      I waited ti11 had seen him．(这两个句子差别不大，过去完成时更普遍)

    (3)  We hoped he would come．(我们希望他来。)
     We had hoped he would come．(我们本希望他来的。)

    (4)  I don't think he sang as well as he once did．(指具体一次)
      I don't think he sang as well as he had once done．(泛指以前，现在可能不唱了)

    (5)  Before I came here，I was a soldier．(我来此以前在当兵。)
      Before I came here，I had been a soldier．(我来此以前，曾当过兵。)

    (6)  Jim said he didn't know he was so strong．(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)
      Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong．(表示在Jim说话之前曾经很结实)

    (7)  They were friends for many years．(表示现在还是朋友)
     Thev had been friends for many years．(意味这友谊结束了)

    (8)  He did the work at 6．(强调时间)
      He had done the work at 6．(6点工作已做完)

    (9)  I learned French during my holiday．(强调学了)
      I had learned French during my holiday．(强调学会了)

    (10)  When she sang ,she sat down．(表示唱着坐下)
       When she had sung ,she sat down．(表示唱完坐下)

    (11)  I went to bed when I did my homework．(不明确)
         I went to bed when I had done my homework．(作业做完)

    (12)  I have lived here since I was a child．(从我长大成人)
         I have lived here since I had been a child．(从我孩提时)

    5．过去进行时与一般过去时
    (1) I read a book yesterday．(书已看完)
      I was reading a book yesterday．(书尚未看完)

    (2) The guests arrived．(客人已到。)
      The guests were arriving．(客人陆续到达。)

    (3) He woke from a dream．(表示全醒)
      He was waking from a dream．(表示初醒)

    (4) The o1d man died．(已死)
     The o1d man was dying．(要死)

    (5) John told me about it(告诉我了，我都知道了)
      John was telling me about it(跟我谈起过，我想了解更多的事情)

    (6) They persuaded me to go along with them。(已经说服)
      They were persuading me to go along with them．(还在劝说)

    (7)The wind blew hard all night．(强调事实)
      The wind was blowing hard all night．(强调风刮个不停)
    (8) I expected you．I was expecting you．(客气，表示可能等了很久了)

    (9) He knocked at the door．(强调一次性)
      He was knocking at the door．(强调多次性)

    6．一般将来时与现在进行时

    (1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)

    (2) How long will you stay here?(表示意愿)
      How long will you be staying here?(表示打算)

    (3) She’ll have a baby．(表示肯定)
      She's going to have ababy．(表示推测，计划)  
 ，
    (4)I’ll see him this evening．(表示意愿)
      I'm seeing him this evening．(表示打算，已有安排)

    7．一般现在时与一般过去时

    (1) Do you wish to see me?
    Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转，客气)

    (2) That's all I have to say．(我的话就这些。)
      That's all I had to say．(我要说的就这些。)

    (3) How do you like the film?(看电影过程中)
      How did you like the film?(看完电影后)

    (4) It is nice to see you．(见面时说)
       It was so nice to see you．(离别时说)

    (5) I never like him．(没时间性)
      I never liked him．(从来没喜欢过)

    (6) I think I know that voice．(没见客人时)
      I thought I know that voice．(见到客人时，证明自己正确或错误)

    (7) Who is that? (那人还在)
      Who was that?(人已不在场了)

    (8) This cake is made at home．(家里常做这种蛋糕)
      This cake was made at home．(这种蛋糕是自家做的。)

    8．现在完成时与现在完成进行时
    (1) Someone has phoned you．(打了电话)
       Someone has been phoning you．(一直在打电话)

    (2) I've read the novel．(已读完)
      I’ve been reading the novel．(还没读完)

    (3) He has lived here for six weeks．
      He has been living here for six weeks.（两者区别不大，后者更强调过程和动态）

    (4）Have you met her lately?（强调事实） 
      Have you been meeting her lately?( (调动作的重复，经常见面)

    (5) Who's eaten my apples?(苹果没有了)
      Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩，表示愤怒不满) 
  ‘
    9．一般现在时与过去完成时

    (1) I hope that he'll come．(希望他能来)

      I had hoped he would come．(与事实相反。经常这样用的词有expect，think，in•
tend，mean，suppose)    (环球网校资料,如需转载请注明出处)