职称英语考试历年真题原文：2012年阅读理解(卫生A)

　　第四部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

　　第一篇

　　Gross National Happiness

　　In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However， one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia， the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist(佛教)culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.

　　King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross Natonal Product(GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased， the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier， he created a measure called Gross National Happiness(GNH).

　　GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.

　　Now these is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Teenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.

　　Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.

　　Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.

　　31. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?

　　A. A president.

　　B. A buddist preist.

　　C. A general.

　　D. A king.

　　【答案】：D

　　32. Apart from moderizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?

　　A. To make its populaton grow.

　　B. To keep it separate from the world.

　　C. To encourage its people to get rich.

　　D. To keep its tradition and customs.

　　【答案】：D

　　33. A country shows its progress with GNP by

　　A. selling more products.

　　B. spending more money.

　　C. spending less money.

　　D. providing more jobs.

　　【答案】：A

　　34. According to GNH, people are happier if they

　　A. have new tecnology.

　　B. can change their religion.

　　C. have a good, stable government.

　　D. have more money.

　　【答案】：C

　　35. Today, many countries are

　　A. using the principles of GNH to measure their progress.

　　B. woking together to develop a common scale to measure GNH.

　　C. taking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress.

　　D. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness.

　　【答案】：D

　　第二篇

　　Caffeine

　　Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world. Humans have been consuming caffeine for hundreds of years, primarily in the form of coffee, tea, and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤) skin cancers, although no one knew why. A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation, a main cause of skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive, leaving the damaged cells to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial(予宫内膜的) cancer - that is, cancer of the cells lining the uterus - The strongest effect appears to be in overweight women, who are at greatest risk for the disease. Researchers believe blood sugar, fat cells, and estrogen(雌性激素) may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown, people who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily; caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化) and liver cancer.

　　While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine. As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收缩) blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches - even migraines(偏头痛) ? and can help counter the drowsiness(眩晕)caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).

　　Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina - hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.

　　People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases. Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people. There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.

　　36. Drinking coffee or tea may help

　　A. lower the incidence of being overweight.

　　B. lower the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer.

　　C. increase the incidence of endometrial cancer.

　　D. increase the incidence of liver cancer.

　　【答案】：B

　　37. Caffeine is used to

　　A. reduce high blood pressure.

　　B. relieve headaches.

　　C. cure liver cancer.

　　D. treat skin cancer.

　　【答案】：B

　　38. Some athletes use caffeine to

　　A. improve their speed.

　　B. increase their endurance.

　　C. maintain their alertness.

　　D. relax their muscles.

　　【答案】：B

　　39. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms

　　A. can become an ongoing problem.

　　B. may last as long as a week.

　　C. are weight loss and mental disorder.

　　D. are usually short-lived.

　　【答案】：D

　　40. Drinking three cups of coffee a day

　　A. may not be recommended by most doctors.

　　B. is harmful to healthy people.

　　C. will probably not cause problems.

　　D. may benefit sensitive people.

　　【答案】：C

　　第三篇

　　Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

　　Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

　　Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study.

　　Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

　　The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

　　"Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food.” said Hayes. "Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”

　　However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. "For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."

　　Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

　　"Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter." he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness.”

　　41. John Hayes points out in a recent study that

　　A. it is healthy to eat food without salt.

　　B. many people reject low-salt food completely.

　　C. food with less salt tastes better.

　　D. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly.

　　【答案】：D

　　42. The fourth paragraph describes briefly

　　A. the purpose of the study.

　　B. the analysis of the research results.

　　C. the research methodology.

　　D. the conclusion of the study.

　　【答案】：C

　　43. The article argues that supertasters

　　A. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.

　　B. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.

　　C. consume less salt because they don’t like intensive tastes.

　　D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.

　　【答案】：A

　　44. In paragraph 6, the word "pronounced" is closest in meaning to

　　A. weary.

　　B. strong.

　　C. weak.

　　D. strange.

　　【答案】：B

　　45. The last two paragraphs illustrate that taste acuity is

　　A. developed over time after birth.

　　B. related to one’s eye and hair color.

　　C. still unknown to scientists.

　　D. genetically determined.

　　【答案】：D

　　第4部分：阅读理解第一篇

　　31.D【解析】题意：Jigme Singye Wangchuck是谁?

　　根据文章第一段最后一句…a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern可知，Wangehuck是一位新上任的国王。故选D。

　　32.D【解析】题意：除了使不丹现代化，Wangchuek还希望为不丹做什么?

　　根据文章第一段最后一句…King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan tO become modern，but without losing its traditions，说明Wangchuck不希望不丹丢掉其传统，而第三段第三句They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs也说明Wangchuck推行的 GNH(国民幸福总值)政策中，如果能保持传统文化和风俗则国民会更幸福。故选D。

　　33.A【解析】题意：一个国家进步在GNP中体现为……。

　　根据文中第二段第三、四句The GNP measures products and money.When the number of products sold increases，people say the country is making progress可知，GNP用商品和金钱来衡量，卖出的商品越多，国家似乎越进步。故选A。

　　34.C【解析】题意：根据GNH，人民若……会更幸福。

　　文章第三段集中讲述GNH，人们更幸福包括they have health care.education，and jobs;they live in a healthy，protected environment;they can keep their traditional culture and customs;they have a good，stable government。由此可知C项正确。

　　35.D【解析】题意：现在，很多国家……。

　　根据文章第五段第二、三句Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’S GNH.These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness可知，很多国家在探索自己的方式去衡量幸福。故选D。

　　第二篇

　　36.B【解析】题意：喝咖啡或者茶对……有好处。

　　根据文章第一段第三句Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non―melanoma skin cancers可知，常喝咖啡和茶的人得皮肤癌的概率低。所以B项正确。 A项文中并未提及。根据文章第一段第六句Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial cancer可知，常喝咖啡与子宫内膜癌发病率的降低有相关性，所以C项错误。根据文章第一段最后一句caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer可知，咖啡因也与降低患肝硬化和肝癌的风险有关，所以D项错误。故本题选B。

　　37.B【解析】题意：咖啡因可用于……。

　　根据文章第二段倒数第一、二句As a component…caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly.By constricting blood vessels in the brain，it can alleviate head― aches可知，咖啡因有助于止痛药的吸收，且通过是脑内血管收缩能够缓解头痛，所以B项正确。根据文章第二段第一句many of caffeine’s undesirable effects，such as elevated…blood pressure可知，咖啡因使血压升高，而非降低，所以A项错误。根据第一段第三句Habitual coffee and tea drinkers…have a lower incidence of non―melanoma skin cancers和最后一句caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of…liver cancer可知，咖啡因与降低患皮肤癌和肝癌的风险有关，而文章并未提及可用咖啡因来治疗肝癌与皮肤癌，所以C项和D项错误。故本题选B。

　　38.B【解析】题意：一些运动员用咖啡因……。

　　题目所给选项中，B项与文章第二段第一句…some short―term benefits，including pain relief，increased alertness，and increased physical endurance所叙相符，并且根据第三段最后一句hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks可知，将咖啡因加入运动员补充能量的饮料中，所以B项正确。而A项与D项文章并未提及。C项有一定的迷惑性。由文章第三段第一、二句Caffeine…does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert.Research has shown…improved memory and reasoning abilities可知，咖啡因能够使疲劳的人保持清醒，且睡眠不好的人喝咖啡后其记忆力和理解力得到改善，而这些所指的都不是运动员的情况，C项张冠李戴.故错误。所以本题选B。

　　39.D【解析】题意：戒掉咖啡因产生的症状会……。

　　根据文章最后一段第一、二句…headache being the most common…these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases叙述可知，戒掉咖啡因会带来短暂的不适，但这些症状只会持续一到两天的时间，所以A项和B项错误，D项正确。C项文中并未提及。所以本题选D。

　　40.C【解析】题意：每天喝三杯咖啡……。

　　根据文章最后一段倒数第二句…most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people可知，多数医生都认为每天喝三杯咖啡并不会影响健康，所以C项正确，而A项和B项错误。D项并未提及。所以本题选C。

　　第三篇

　　41.D【解析】题意：约翰•海耶斯在最近的一份研究中指出……。

　　根据文章第二段第一句Those conclusions are important because recent，well―publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others可知尽管口感不好，许多人也勉强接受了低盐生活，所以D项正确。根据文章第一段最后一句The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like tO eat可知，研究结果主要的发现是口味的轻重与遗传因素有关，所以A项、B项和C项都错误。所以本题选D。

　　42.C【解析】题意：第四段简要叙述了……。

　　第四段主要讲述实验的食物(salty foods such as soup and chips)、实验对象(test subjects)等，并没有提及实验的目的(A项)、分析(B项)及结果(D项)。所以第四段讲述的是实验的方法。故本题选C。

　　43.A【解析】题意：本文指出了口味重的人……。

　　根据文章第五段倒数第一、二句Supertasters…consume more salt than do nontasters.Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor…so the supertasters seem to like them more可知，口重的人喜欢有成味的零食，所以A项正确，而C项错误。根据第五段第二句both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food可知，一些人吃盐多一方面因为他们口味重，另一方面成味可以遮盖食物中其它他们不喜欢的味道，所以B项说法错误。 D项文中没有提及。故本题选A。

　　44.B【解析】题意：在第六段中，单词“pronounced”的意思是……。

　　根据第六段第一句supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese可知口味重的人需要成味来遮盖如奶酪等食物中其他他们不喜欢的味道。而本段最后一句A supertaster finds low―salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is tOO pronounced由此可以猜测低盐奶酪是因为没有咸味的遮盖而太苦，所以口味重的人不喜欢。四个选项中A项意为“疲倦的”;B项意为“强烈的”;C项意为“微弱的”;D项意为“奇怪的”。所以本题选B。

　　45.D【解析】题意：最后两段指出味觉敏锐度……。

　　根据文章最后两段的叙述，可知味觉敏锐度是由基因决定的，而不是出生后慢慢发展起来的，所以 D项正确，而A项错误。味觉敏锐度的不同就像人与人的眼睛和头发颜色不同一样平常，两者并不是影响关系，所以B项错误。海耶斯关于味觉敏锐度的叙述引用的是75年前的结论，所以味觉敏锐度仍是未知领域是错误的，所以C项错误。所以本题选D。

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