职称英语考试历年真题原文：2011年阅读理解(卫生B)

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　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文回答其后面的问题，为每题确定一个最佳答案。

　　第一篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?

　　Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication-having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.

　　The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.

　　On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (扫描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree.

　　What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.

　　As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often

　　31 People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that

　　A they're popular

　　B they're useful

　　C they're convenient

　　D they're cheap

　　32 The world "detected" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by

　　A cured

　　B removed

　　C discovered

　　D caused

　　33 The salesman retired young because

　　A he couldn't remember simple tasks

　　B he disliked using mobile phones

　　C he was tired of talking on his mobile phone

　　D his employer's doctor persuaded him to

　　34. On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies

　　A hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about

　　B deny the existence of mobile phone radiation

　　C develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation

　　D try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health

　　35 The writer's purpose of writing this article is to advise people

　　A to buy mobile phones

　　B to use mobile phones less often

　　C to update regular phones

　　D to stop using mobile phones

　　第二篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment(虐待)

　　Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence (流行) of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries, are lacking.

　　Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5%-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25%-50%of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).

　　Every year, there are an about 31,000 homicide(杀人) deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, bums and drowning.

　　Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.

　　Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.

　　A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.

　　It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.

　　36 International studies reveal that

　　A many children have been neglected.

　　B child maltreatment is most serious in developed countries.

　　C 20% of children have been sexually abused.

　　D 25%-50% of girls have been physically abused.

　　37 The word "underestimates" in paragraph 3 means

　　A exaggerates.

　　B points out.

　　C assumes.

　　D miscalculates.

　　38 Child maltreatment can bring all the following consequences EXCEPT

　　A stress.

　　B suicide.

　　C heart disease.

　　D poor memory.

　　39 Children are more likely to be maltreated if they

　　A cry a lot.

　　B are not good-looking.

　　C are over 4 years old.

　　D are quiet.

　　40 We can infer from the passage that

　　A researchers have collected enough data on child maltreatment.

　　B more than 31,000 children under 15 are killed every year.

　　C many countries have set up special institutions for maltreated children.

　　D some children are also to blame for maltreatment.

　　第三篇 Sprained (扭伤) Ankle

　　One of the most common injuries teenagers and adults experience is a sprained ankle. A sprain occurs when the ligaments(韧带) of a joint are twisted(扭伤) and possibly torn. Ligaments are bands of fibers that hold the bones of a joint in position. A sprain can occur from a sudden twisting at the joint, or a stretching or tearing of the fibers of the ligaments. The injured area usually swells(肿胀) and becomes black and blue. Stepping off the sidewalk at the wrong angle or having one foot land in a hole while walking or running can leave you rolling on the ground in pain with an ankle on fire! If you cannot walk without experiencing intense pain, you must seek medical help. If the pain is manageable, and you can walk, here are three words to help you remember how to treat yourself:

　　■ Elevate(抬高)

　　■ Cool

　　■ Bandage(打绷带)

　　As soon as there is injury to that ligament, there will be a certain amount of bleeding under the skin. Once the blood pools around the damaged blood vessels, swelling occurs. The pressure from the swelling results in additional stress and tenderness to the region. In order to reduce the degree of swelling, lie down as soon as possible and keep the ankle elevated so that it is actually higher than your heart. Next, to reduce blood distribution and keep bleeding(流血) to minimum, apply a cold pack. After 20 minutes, take the pack off, wait half an hour, and then reapply. This can be several times a day for a total of three days.

　　Never leave a cold pack on for more than 20 minutes at a time. Reducing the temperature in that area for an extended period of time signals the body to increase blood flow to raise the body temperature! Therefore, one accidentally triggers(引起) more blood distribution to the affected area by leaving a cold pack on for too long! Finally, bandage the angle. Be careful not to wind it too tightly; doing so can restrict blood flow and cause harm to the entire foot.

　　41. A sprain is caused by

　　A ligament fibers of a joint being twisted

　　B blood vessels being hurt in the foot

　　C constantly changing body temperature

　　D elevating one's ankle

　　42. The black-and-blue symptom of a sprain is due to

　　A bleeding under the skin

　　B pressing one's ankle

　　C a tight bandage

　　D applying a cold pack

　　43 The word "it" in paragraph 2(line5) refers to

　　A ankle

　　B injury

　　C pressure

　　D swelling

　　44. Once the initial cold pack is removed, what is to be done?

　　A Begin bandaging the ankle

　　B Wait 30 minutes and then reapply the ice pack for 20 minutes

　　C Keep the ankle in a position lower than your heart

　　D wait 20 minutes and then reapply the ice pack for 30 minutes

　　45. The main idea of the passage is to explain

　　A how a sprain occurs

　　B how to bandage an injured foot

　　C how to treat a sprained ankle

　　D how to reduce the temperature of a wounded area.

　　第4 部分：阅读理解

　　31 D 第一段里讲到了人们拥有手机的几种理由，其中不包括手机便宜 ( cheap) 这一条。

　　32 C detect意为"觉察、发现"，故可用discover。

　　33 A 第三段里把这名推销员年纪轻轻就要退休的原因讲得十分明白：a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks.

　　34 A 请见第四段里的这句话：Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation ，but they say the amount is too small to worry about.它们并不否认手机有辐射，但声称辐射量很小无需担心。

　　35 B 作者建议大家少用手机，这一点在最后一段里可以清楚地看到。

　　36 B 文章第一段主要讲述的是科学家只是将地球少数的生物物种命名了，还有很多物种 没有命名。接着作者使用蜘蛛和鸟的例子说明此观点，以显示地球上生物种类的繁多。 答案为B。

　　37 D 文章第二段最后一句"The project aims to catalog every species on Earth in a single，easy-to-use reference guide" ，说明"这个项目的目的是提供一个单一的，易于使用的生物 分类参考指南"。答案为D。

　　38 C 文章第三段第一句话"To get the encyclopedia started, the creators will use information from scientific databases (数据库) that already exist"，说明"为了建立这个百科全书，创建者要使用现有的科学数据库"。答案为 C。

　　39 C novice 的原意是"新手"，并且文中的意思也是"使用新手设置"来得到有关动物的基本信息。答案为C。选项 A 意为"科学家";选项 B 意为"创建者";选项 D 意为"老师"。

　　40 A 文章第四段第三句话"To make sure the encyclopedia is accurate，scientists will review much of the information added to it"，说明"为了保证百科全书的准确性，科学家会复审其中大部分的信息"，而没有说是"全部的信息"。本题答案为 A。文章在不同的段落提到了其余各选项。

　　41 C 第二段第二句话 "Scientists have known that elephants in zoos often suffer from poor health"，说明"生活在动物园的大象经常会有不良的健康状态"。答案为C。

　　42 D 第三段第二句话"Zoos keep detailed records of all the animals in their care, documenting factors such as birth dates, illnesses, weight and death"，说明是动物园记录了有关大象生活的各个方面，而不是科学家做的，所以选项 D 不符合文章本意。其余选项的内容在文中都有体现。

　　43 C 第四段中作者向读者讲述了野生雌大象存活的时间是生活在动物园的雌大象存活时间的三倍，所以答案为 C。

　　44 D 第五段最后一句话"Social lives of elephants are a1so much different in zoos than in the wild, where they live in large herds and family groups"，说明"生活在动物园里的雌大象与 野生雌大象不同之处是后者是群居并以家族的方式生活"。答案为D。

　　45 C 文章最后一段主要讲述大象不适宜动物园的生活，尤其是最后一句话 "that doesn't appear to be the case with elephant"，说明"那不适宜大象的情况"。答案为 C。